• Ransomware රැන්සම්වෙයා පරිගණක වෛරසය 1

රැන්සම්වෙයා පරිගණක වෛරසය ගැන දැනගමු.

Ransomware කියන්නේ මේ දවස්වල ලෝකේ පුරාම විවිධ රටවල්වල කතා වෙන මාතෘකාවක්.

 මොකද්ද මේ වයිරස් එක ? 

                               මින් සිදුවන බලපෑම කොහොමද .

Kaby Lake Intel Core processor 7th Genaration

7th Generation Intel® Core™ i7 Processors

Kaby Lake is the next generation of CPUs from Intel. Right now we're in the Skylake generation. You'll still see quite a few laptops from the previousBroadwell and Haswell series on sale, but they are officially past-it.

Here are all the details you need to know on the upcoming Intel Kaby Lake CPU revolution.

Cut to the chase

• What is it? Intel's 7th-generation Core processor
• When is it out? Before the end of 2016
• What will it cost? Likely similar to Intel's current Skylake processors

Kaby Lake revealed CPUs

Three Kaby Lake CPU models have already been leaked, though a handful of laptop-grade parts were officially revealed at the IFA trade show in Berlin, Germany.

The Core i7-7700K is the leaked desktop CPU, unlocked for overclocking as indicated by the discrete "K" moniker. This tells us the Kaby Lake naming convention will remain similar: they are "7" series CPUs, to Skylake's gen 6, Broadwell's gen 5 and so on.

The i7-7700K is a quad-core hyper-threaded CPU, and benchmarks leaked all the way back in March suggest it's clocked at 3.6GHz with a 4.2GHz turbo boost. Of course, that may change by the time the chipset is actually used.

The CPU was leaked in the SiSoft benchmark result database, but unfortunately the results published are actually significantly worse than those of the i7-6700K, so don't tell us anything about Kaby Lake's performance. A downgrade upgrade? Let's hope not.

Next up is the Core i7-7500U, leaked alongside the i7-7700K. This is the sort of CPU we might end up seeing in a high-end ultrabook. It's a relatively high performance chipset, but still belongs to the "U" ultra-low voltage family.

It has two cores, four threads, and is clocked at 2.7GHz with a 2.9GHz turbo. Some of you might turn your noses up at dual-core laptop chipsets, but they're pretty important.

On the mobile front, the higher end Core m5 and m7 mobile chips of yesteryear will be integrated into the Y-series Core i family. These include the Core m3-7Y30, the Core i5-7Y54 and the Core i7-7Y75, which will be used in top-end laptops with fanless and convertible designs to complement the more power-hungry U-series processors.

THE FUTURE TOYS 1

 FUTURE TOYS 

The Force™ is strong with you. Channel it with the Star Wars™ Force Band™ by Sphero. Like a Jedi Knight, you can control your BB-8™ App-Enabled Droid™ with just a wave of your hand and expand your abilities with Force Training. Use the band by itself to complete Combat Training for Blasters, Lightsabers, and the Force itself, or collect digital holocrons in your environment through Force Awareness. Fulfill your destiny and become strong in the ways of the Force.

Included with this Special Edition package of the Force Band is a Battle-Worn BB-8, straight from the sands of Jakku. This Astromech Droid reflects the wear and tear of trekking across the galaxy on Resistance missions. Watch your Droid explore autonomously, guide BB-8 yourself, or create and view holographic recordings. The Force Band is also compatible with the original BB-8 App-Enabled Droid by Sphero and Sphero robots powered by Bluetooth SMART.

Force Band Features

• Droid Control – Force push, pull, and control BB-8 with a wave of your hand
• Force Training – Hone your lightsaber skills by responding to cues from BB-8
• Combat Training – Use your imagination to wield a blaster, lightsaber, or the Force itself
• Force Awareness – Find hidden supplies from the Resistance in the real world and collect with the app
• Robot Control – Use the Force Band to drive Sphero robots powered by Bluetooth SMART
• Force Control – Expand your Jedi powers in the world around you and control connected objects by using the Force Band

Battle-Worn BB-8 Features

• Battle-Worn Exterior – BB-8 sports the wear and tear of Resistance missions
• Authentic Movement – Guide BB-8 with a smartphone or tablet 
• Listens & Responds – BB-8 recognizes and reacts to your voice 
• Holographic Communication – Record and view virtual holographic messages with BB-8 
• Autonomous Behavior – BB-8 has a mind of its own - explore the Star Wars™ galaxy together 

What's In the Box:

• Battle-Worn BB-8 App-Enabled Droid
• Battle-Worn Induction Charging Base
• Force Band
• Collector’s Tin
• 2 Micro USB Cables
• Quick Start guide 
• Legal Guide

Force Band Tech Specs

• Bluetooth Smart technology
• 60 minute battery life for constant use  
• USB charging
• 25m range
• RGB LED lights
• Magnetic + velcro adjustment strap
• Haptic feedback
• Onboard audio + Speaker
• Upgradable Firmware and audio over the air
• Gesture detection using gyroscope and accelerometer sensors
• Force Band dimensions: 1.53 cm x 3.75 cm
• iOS and Android compatible
• Free App: Force Band by Sphero available through iTunes, Google Play or Windows App Store

Battle-Worn BB-8 Tech Specs

• iOS & Android & Window Phone compatible 
• Top speed of 4.5 mph (7ft/s)
• Durable polycarbonate shell 
• Bluetooth Smart BLE connection (100 foot range)
• Inductive charging (over 1 hour of play on a full charge) 
• Free App: BB-8 App-Enabled Droid powered by Sphero available through iTunes, Google Play or Windows App Store
• Internal guidance system includes a gyroscope and accelerometer. 
• Height: 11.4 cm / Width: 7.3 cm / Weight ~200 g

Supercapacitors

Electric Double-Layer Capacitors (Supercapacitors)

Despite their apparent similarity to batteries,capacitors are actually designed and used in markedly different ways. A capacitor is an energy storage device that, unlike a battery, generates an electrical field between two parallel conductor plates. As electrons move from one plate to the other, they build potential energy that can be channeled for use in an associated circuit. The accumulation of energy is known as “charging,” and capacitors are generally measured by the quantity, density, and rate of their charge.

An electric double-layer capacitor, or supercapacitor, is capable of charging and storing energy at an exponentially higher density than standard capacitors. For comparison, a typical capacitor’s energy storage is measured in nano- or micro-farads, while a supercapacitor can be rated in farads. To understand the resulting differences in design, application, and cost, it may be helpful to look at some of the distinctive characteristics of an electric double-layer capacitor.

Supercapacitor

A capacitor’s energy capacity is determined by its amount of stored charges and the potential for charging between its plates. The charge potential is greatly influenced by the quality of the material through which the electric field can be sustained, otherwise known as the “dielectric.” In an electric double-layer capacitor, the dielectric is typically suspended in a high surface area carbon material, rendering the dielectric medium exceptionally thin. The large surface area, combined with a narrow medium, results in very high charge potential, or “capacitance,” in a relatively small-sized device; hence the term “supercapacitor.”

While the layers in a double-layer capacitor are electrically conductive, they have a somewhat low tolerance for voltage (usually no more than one volt). Inclusion of an organic electrolyte can increase voltage reception, as can connecting multiple supercapacitors in a serial array. The material used in the dielectric can also affect capacitor efficiency. Activated carbon, for instance, has a much greater surface area than aluminum, which is traditionally used in standard capacitors. Research to develop newer and more effective dielectric substances is continuously underway.

Are Supercapacitors Your Solution?

Manufacturers evaluating various electrical sourcing options should examine the strengths and weaknesses unique to the double-layer format. A supercapacitor’s energy density ratio typically ranges between 0.5 and 10Wh/kg (nominal voltage over weight), which is considerably higher than that of a standard capacitor. While this energy density is still relatively low compared to mainline batteries, such as the lithium-ion model, the supercapacitor’s power density far exceeds the level offered by its counterparts. Power density is contingent on a device’s rate of electrical charging and discharging, meaning that supercapacitors can both generate and distribute energy more quickly than most batteries.

In addition, supercapacitors stop charging when their capacity limit is reached, eliminating the need for detection units to prevent overcharging. Aside from its excellent power density, a supercapacitor also has high cycle efficiency and can undergo millions of charging sequences in its lifespan.

However, low energy density and low voltage tolerance limit the effectiveness of an individual double-layer capacitor as a storage unit, unless it is serially linked to a group of capacitors. Furthermore, the supercapacitor’s linear discharge method often prevents the full charge from being delivered, resulting in small but detrimental energy waste. The high rate of self-discharge (energy loss due to internal chemical reactions) is a similar concern. Supercapacitor controls and electronic switching equipment can also be complex, and typically necessitate workers with specialized operational skills.

Styles of supercapacitors with activated carbon electrodes

Schematic construction of a wound supercapacitor
1.Terminals, 2.Safety vent, 3.Sealing disc, 4.Aluminum can, 5.Positive pole, 6.Separator, 7.Carbon electrode, 8.Collector, 9.Carbon electrode, 10.Negative pole

Schematic construction of a supercapacitor with stacked electrodes
1.Positive electrode, 2.Negative electrode,
3.Separator

Each EDLC cell consists of two electrodes, a separator and an electrolyte. The two electrodes are often electrically connected to their terminals via a metallic collector foil. The electrodes are usually made from activated carbon since this material is electrically conductive and has a very large surface area to increase the capacitance. The electrodes are separated by an ion permeable membrane (separator) used as an insulator to prevent short circuits between the electrodes. This composite is rolled or folded into a cylindrical or rectangular shape and can be stacked in an aluminium can or a rectangular housing. The cell is typically impregnated with a liquid or viscous electrolyte, either organic or aqueous, although some are solid state. The electrolyte depends on the application, the power requirement or peak current demand, the operating voltage and the allowable temperature range. The outer housing is hermetically sealed

Industries That Use Supercapacitors

Although initially used as starter devices for tank and railroad engines, most supercapacitors are currently found in appliances and handheld devices. However, there is a growing market for the product in the transportation industry. Many automotive companies use double-layer capacitors to shield certain electrical engine parts from voltage fluctuations. The supercapacitors rapid charging rate also makes it effective in mass transit braking mechanisms and portable fuel cells for electric/hybrid vehicles.

Supercapacitors also serve as backups to primary batteries in order to bridge brief power interruptions or to smooth electrical flow. If installed parallel to a battery terminal, a supercapacitor can augment an operating battery’s power supply. This enhancement can raise performance during periods of elevated demand and help maintain a steady level of electrical output.

The Future of Supercapacitors

While today’s supercapacitor has a limited range of applications, advances in design might eventually expand the product’s utility. For example, researchers continue to develop and experiment with newer forms of dielectric materials, such as carbon nanotubes, polypyrrole, and barium titanate, which may improve capacitance and energy density. The concept of combining supercapacitors with alternative energy sources to replace car batteries has gained appeal within the current "green" movement, and several public transportation systems have created pilot trials for capacitor-run buses and trains. If these and other developments yield successful results, the electric double-layer capacitor may achieve greater functionality and gain a larger role within the energy industry.

Top 10 Interesting Stories About How Famous Companies Got Their Names

10. Adobe:

Adobe was named after a place that is close to the home of one of the founders of the company John Warnock. The home of John was close to the Adobe creek in California and that is from where the founders got the idea. Adobe is today a household name in the world of technology.

Image Credit: hdnux.com

9. Android:

Android is among the most well known names in touch-based phones today. Androids literally mean robot and one of the founders of the company had a particular fascination with them. The logo of the company, too, shows what can be termed a robot. The operating system has many dynamic features which have made it the leader in its field.

Image Credit: groovypost.com

8. eBay:

eBay is one of the most well known names in online business. The company that runs the site was known as Echo Bay Technology Group but when they tried to register the domain name, it was already taken. They decided on a shorter version of the name – eBay – and since then it has become one of the most successful and famous companies in the world.

Image Credit: http://www.bentley.edu

7. IBM:

IBM was founded as Computing Tabulating Recording Company (CTR) before it was changed in 1924. The name, IBM, was adopted from that of CTR subsidiaries in Canada and South Africa. The International Business Machines (IBM) is a world leader in business machines and has created many niches for itself down the years. Today it is one of the most well known multinational companies that offer complete computing solutions.

Image Credit: http://www.thehindu.com

6. Bridgestone:

In the world of motoring, Bridgestone is a name that can’t be overlooked. The company was founded by Shojiro Ishibashi in 1931. It is a multinational company today and it also manufactures auto and truck parts. It has production facilities in around 25 nations in the world and is still growing. The name, Bridgestone, was derived from the literal English translation of the surname of the founder of the company.

Image Credit: http://www.fdcbuilding.com.au

5. Adidas:

Adidas is a well known name in sports clothing and accessories. It is a company based out of Germany and is among the leading manufacturers of sporting apparels and gears in the world. The name Adidas is a portmanteau of Adolf “Adi” Dassler, the founder of the company. The company is the second biggest sportswear manufacturer in the world.

Image Credit: flickr.com

4. BlackBerry:

The word Blackberry was, until very recently, the name of a fruit. Research In Motion (RIM), the company that manufactures the device, wanted the name to resemble something from nature and not something that a consumer would not be familiar with. The name came about accidentally when somebody in one of the lead teams pulled out the buttons on the primary device that RIM had developed and said that they looked like seeds. The members of the teams assigned to find names pressed on and finally ended up with the name BlackBerry with ‘b’ of berry capitalized.

Image Credit: http://www.blackberrycentre.co.uk

3. Yahoo:

Yahoo is an acronym for Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle, which was changed from Jerry’s Guide to the World Wide Web. The website was started in January 1994 and the name was changed to Yahoo in April. The name, Yahoo, was sought after because the founders wanted to make it easy for people to remember their website. Today it is one of the most famous companies on the web with a global presence.

Image Credit: http://www.digitalproductionme.com

2. Apple:

The nomenclature of Apple Inc. is still a mystery as there is more than one explanation behind how the company got its name. The closest theory says that when the two founders, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, were driving down a highway, Jobs blurted out the name. He had a soft spot for the fruit and it is most likely the reason why it was named so.

Image Credit: http://www.architizer.com

1. Twitter:

In the words of the founders of Twitter, they wanted a name that represented what they did as a company. The initial name that they had on their minds was Jitter or Twitch. Twitter appeared to be a difficult name but it was quickly accepted as tangible, short, simple and social. Today, it is one of the most well known names in the online world.

Top 10 inventions in energy and mechanics

energy and mechanics

10. Natural gas (China, 4th Century BC):

When the people of the southern provinces of China located natural gas ormethane on the surface of the soil, its spontaneous combustion must have made them decide to exploit it. A text dating from 347 BC describes the making of water proof bamboo pipes with bitumen. These pipes were used to transport methane to the towns, where it was used for various things along with town lighting. Methane was stored in bamboo tubes and these were used as torches and fuel reserves  by travelers. It was during the first century, that the Chinese drilled the earth to collect methane in a systematic way. Methane gas, found on the surface, burned without danger. But it has been seen that the consumption of methane can cause some accidents. To avoid the explosion of methane, the gas collected at great depths though richer, had to be mixed with air before use.

9. Ball-Bearings (Mesopotamia, Egypt, 3000 BC):

The rows of logs used in Mesopotamia and in Egypt to transport heavy objects, such as blocks of stone or boats, can be said to be the principle behind the invention of the ball bearings. It consists of balls to reduce the friction between two moving objects at the point of contact. Thus, it was a mechanical principle, evidence of which was found in Greece in the 5th and 4th century BC. It was found in 1928 that a primitive ball bearing mechanism, consisting of a cylindrical case with bronze balls, was invented by Roman  engineers. This cylindrical case might have reduced the friction between the metallic objects and the wooden objects. With the advancement of different means of transport, and also due to the advancement of metallurgy in 19th century the interest in ball bearing increased. Ball bearings were installed in 1879, and the first vehicle to benefit from it was the bicycle. In 1862, the Frenchmen Pierre Michaus patented ball bearings.

8. Aerodynamics (Tsiolkovski, 1892 –  96, Chrysler, 1934):

Since the birth of ballistics, problems caused by air resistance of moving objects have been experienced. But it was not until the vehicles moving on the ground, sea and air attained speed, that these problems were heeded. Between 1892 and 1896, Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovski built fan engines, thus, defining mathematically the forces of friction exerted on the surface of the vehicle. But when Aeroplanes, cars and boats were designed, aerodynamics was not taken into account. In 1899 the Belgian Camille Jenatzy designed the vehicle which beat the 100 km/h record. Its chassis was in the form of a shell. Subsequently, Andre Citroen’s 7A, the front wheel drive and the Chrysler Airflow were the first motor vehicles that attempted to reduce the air resistance for the forward motion. Soon the automobile and the aviation industries started giving huge importance to the aerodynamics.

7. Turbines (Hero of Alexandria, 1st century BC, Leonardo da Vinci, 1480):

Turbines were the machines which worked on the hydraulics, gas and steam energy. The success of gas turbines in the 20th century led to thew turbo compressor. In 1480 AD, Leonardo da Vinci attempted to make the hot air turbine which was gas powered, and was called smoke jack. In 1872, the German F. Stolz proposed a turbine consisting of a combustion chamber from which hot air was directed towards a heat exchanger where it was re heated by air coming from another combustion chamber. This was then directed towards the compressor activating a paddle wheel, which in turn would send it out into the open air. Stolz devised the principle of the double cycle open gas turbine, but could not put it into practice as the technology was not advanced at that time. In 1884, Parsons made a turbine in which steam was fed centrally and ejected in all directions. The output of the De Laval turbine was improved independently by the Frenchman C.E.A. Rateau and the American Charles G. Curtis, in 1894.

6. Hydraulic pumps (Archimedes, 3rd century BC, Hero of Alexandria, 1stcentury BC):

Certain mechanisms, which convey water from one level to another and finally draw it up or invert its flow, were developed and improved. One such mechanism –  the screw, was made by Archimeded. It consisted of seven partitions fixed in a spiral form on a log so as to create the same number of compartments. From a streamlining effect it was covered with a cylinder, and coal tar was used to make it water tight, leaving the only two ends open. The foundation for modern pumps was laid with the pneumatic organ made by Ctesibius, and engineer from the school of Alexandria. The device consisted of two cylinders with a hole made on their lower surfaces. The pistons were activated by rods fixed to a balancing rod. The two cylinders were connected to each other by a horizontal pipe, to which the drainage pipe was connected. Hero of Alexandria worked and improved upon this above mentioned principle. He attached a head to the drainage pipe which could rotate completely in a circle, that is, full 360 degree. Thus allowing water to be made available in all directions. He also reinforced the water tightness of the cylinder by making disc valves for the input of water.

5. Fuel cell ( Bacon, 1959):

In a fuel cell, reactions which produce electric current are brought about by the substances present outside the casing. Its main advantage is that it provides continuous current. In 1959, the Englishman, Francis Bacon built the first specific fuel cell. It consisted of an alkaline electrolyte potassium hydroxide dissolved in water. The electrodes are made up of a porous metal, into which the electrolyte can only penetrate in a controlled manner. Behind one electrode plate there is oxygen, and behind the other electrode plate is hydrogen. When hydrogen comes in contact with ions of the electrolyte, in the pores of the corresponding electrode, some electrons are freed. These electrons are captured by the atoms of oxygen on the other side. Hence the current flows as long as there is hydrogen and oxygen in the reservoir.

4. Electric Generator (Guericke, 1663; Gramme, 1870; Lamme, 1896):

In 1663, Otto Von Guericke had an idea of making a very simple machine producing static electricity. His machine consisted of a sulphur ball on an axle, turned by a crank. When both hands were placed around the ball, the hands were excited electrically. In 1787, the Englishman Edward Nairne made a device which produced negative or positive electricity, but it was of no practical use. In 1831, the Englishman Michael Faraday had discovered electromagnetic induction and his machine began to have a greater output after the Italian Antonio Pacinotti (1860) and the Belgian Zenobe Theophile Gramme (1870) brought about certain improvements. Subsequently, the generators started benefiting from the invention of the internal current equalizers, by the American Benjamin Graver Lamme, in 1896. Thus, generators became large and powerful. As a result, current was produced from steam and hydraulic energy and transmitted over greater distances. Thus, energy became available everywhere.

3. Electric Battery (Galvani, 1780; Fabbroni, 1769; Volta, 1800):

Copper and iron existed during the Parthian period. They might have notice the contractions an animal underwent on being hanged from an iron bar. On plugging copper and iron into a container of acetic acid, electricity was generated. Thus, we may conclude that Volta was inspired to make an electric battery, keeping all these discoveries in mind. In 1780, the Italian Galvani, attached a copper hook to the spinal c0rd of a dissected frog, and then hooked the frog to an iron net. When he touched the animal’s leg nerve with a scalpel, it underwent spasms. Volta, on other hand, understood the implications of Galvani’s experiment. Fabbroni, in 1796, discovered that if two strips of different metals were place in water in such a way that they touched each other, then one of the strip was oxidized. The battery by Volta consisted of several pairs of zinc-copper discs, in direct contact, but separated from one another by moist cardboard.

2. Carnot Cycle (Carnot, 1824):

Sadi Carnot’s invention was a major event because it founded a new science called Thermodynamics. In 1824, Carnot published a report, in which he outlined a theory of the steam engine. According to Carnot, the cylinder which is in contact with a source of heat must be divided into four stages. In the first stage, piston A, due to the expansion of the gas, is at the end of the stroke. It is anisothermic expansion wherein the internal loss of heat is made up by the external source of heat in the decompression. In the second stage, that is from B to C, there is cooling of the gas due to decompression, thus expansion is adiabatic. From C to D, which is the third stage, compression is isothermic and finally from D to A, it is an adiabatic phase. The two expansion stages produce energy and the compression stages use up the energy.

1. Atomic Energy (Einstein, 1907; Hahn, Meitner, Srassman, Bohr, 1939; Fermi, 1942):

The concept of the fission of the atom was first noticed in the work of Albert Einstein, in 1907, where he compared energy and matter (E=mc²). In 1938, the Germans Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassman discovered that when uranium was bombarded with slow or fast neutrons, it would break down into two other elements, barium and krypton, with the release of an enormous amount of energy. The peaceful use of atomic energy was realized only when the first atomic bomb was manufactured. This allowed three essential factors to be classified. The first was the nature of the element that could be used to start the energy releasing chain reactions. Bohr found it to be uranium-235 present in small quantities with uranium-238. Plutonium-239, which was discovered later, could also be used for the purpose. The Italian Enrico Fermi built the first nuclear reactor at the University of Chicago in the United States. It functioned with graphite, uranium metal and uranium oxide, with control rods made up of cadmium. The graphite served as a moderator, i.e., helping in slowing down the reaction.