Supercapacitors

Electric Double-Layer Capacitors (Supercapacitors)

Despite their apparent similarity to batteries,capacitors are actually designed and used in markedly different ways. A capacitor is an energy storage device that, unlike a battery, generates an electrical field between two parallel conductor plates. As electrons move from one plate to the other, they build potential energy that can be channeled for use in an associated circuit. The accumulation of energy is known as “charging,” and capacitors are generally measured by the quantity, density, and rate of their charge.

An electric double-layer capacitor, or supercapacitor, is capable of charging and storing energy at an exponentially higher density than standard capacitors. For comparison, a typical capacitor’s energy storage is measured in nano- or micro-farads, while a supercapacitor can be rated in farads. To understand the resulting differences in design, application, and cost, it may be helpful to look at some of the distinctive characteristics of an electric double-layer capacitor.

Supercapacitor

A capacitor’s energy capacity is determined by its amount of stored charges and the potential for charging between its plates. The charge potential is greatly influenced by the quality of the material through which the electric field can be sustained, otherwise known as the “dielectric.” In an electric double-layer capacitor, the dielectric is typically suspended in a high surface area carbon material, rendering the dielectric medium exceptionally thin. The large surface area, combined with a narrow medium, results in very high charge potential, or “capacitance,” in a relatively small-sized device; hence the term “supercapacitor.”

While the layers in a double-layer capacitor are electrically conductive, they have a somewhat low tolerance for voltage (usually no more than one volt). Inclusion of an organic electrolyte can increase voltage reception, as can connecting multiple supercapacitors in a serial array. The material used in the dielectric can also affect capacitor efficiency. Activated carbon, for instance, has a much greater surface area than aluminum, which is traditionally used in standard capacitors. Research to develop newer and more effective dielectric substances is continuously underway.

Are Supercapacitors Your Solution?

Manufacturers evaluating various electrical sourcing options should examine the strengths and weaknesses unique to the double-layer format. A supercapacitor’s energy density ratio typically ranges between 0.5 and 10Wh/kg (nominal voltage over weight), which is considerably higher than that of a standard capacitor. While this energy density is still relatively low compared to mainline batteries, such as the lithium-ion model, the supercapacitor’s power density far exceeds the level offered by its counterparts. Power density is contingent on a device’s rate of electrical charging and discharging, meaning that supercapacitors can both generate and distribute energy more quickly than most batteries.

In addition, supercapacitors stop charging when their capacity limit is reached, eliminating the need for detection units to prevent overcharging. Aside from its excellent power density, a supercapacitor also has high cycle efficiency and can undergo millions of charging sequences in its lifespan.

However, low energy density and low voltage tolerance limit the effectiveness of an individual double-layer capacitor as a storage unit, unless it is serially linked to a group of capacitors. Furthermore, the supercapacitor’s linear discharge method often prevents the full charge from being delivered, resulting in small but detrimental energy waste. The high rate of self-discharge (energy loss due to internal chemical reactions) is a similar concern. Supercapacitor controls and electronic switching equipment can also be complex, and typically necessitate workers with specialized operational skills.

Styles of supercapacitors with activated carbon electrodes

Schematic construction of a wound supercapacitor
1.Terminals, 2.Safety vent, 3.Sealing disc, 4.Aluminum can, 5.Positive pole, 6.Separator, 7.Carbon electrode, 8.Collector, 9.Carbon electrode, 10.Negative pole

Schematic construction of a supercapacitor with stacked electrodes
1.Positive electrode, 2.Negative electrode,
3.Separator

Each EDLC cell consists of two electrodes, a separator and an electrolyte. The two electrodes are often electrically connected to their terminals via a metallic collector foil. The electrodes are usually made from activated carbon since this material is electrically conductive and has a very large surface area to increase the capacitance. The electrodes are separated by an ion permeable membrane (separator) used as an insulator to prevent short circuits between the electrodes. This composite is rolled or folded into a cylindrical or rectangular shape and can be stacked in an aluminium can or a rectangular housing. The cell is typically impregnated with a liquid or viscous electrolyte, either organic or aqueous, although some are solid state. The electrolyte depends on the application, the power requirement or peak current demand, the operating voltage and the allowable temperature range. The outer housing is hermetically sealed

Industries That Use Supercapacitors

Although initially used as starter devices for tank and railroad engines, most supercapacitors are currently found in appliances and handheld devices. However, there is a growing market for the product in the transportation industry. Many automotive companies use double-layer capacitors to shield certain electrical engine parts from voltage fluctuations. The supercapacitors rapid charging rate also makes it effective in mass transit braking mechanisms and portable fuel cells for electric/hybrid vehicles.

Supercapacitors also serve as backups to primary batteries in order to bridge brief power interruptions or to smooth electrical flow. If installed parallel to a battery terminal, a supercapacitor can augment an operating battery’s power supply. This enhancement can raise performance during periods of elevated demand and help maintain a steady level of electrical output.

The Future of Supercapacitors

While today’s supercapacitor has a limited range of applications, advances in design might eventually expand the product’s utility. For example, researchers continue to develop and experiment with newer forms of dielectric materials, such as carbon nanotubes, polypyrrole, and barium titanate, which may improve capacitance and energy density. The concept of combining supercapacitors with alternative energy sources to replace car batteries has gained appeal within the current "green" movement, and several public transportation systems have created pilot trials for capacitor-run buses and trains. If these and other developments yield successful results, the electric double-layer capacitor may achieve greater functionality and gain a larger role within the energy industry.

Top 10 Interesting Stories About How Famous Companies Got Their Names

10. Adobe:

Adobe was named after a place that is close to the home of one of the founders of the company John Warnock. The home of John was close to the Adobe creek in California and that is from where the founders got the idea. Adobe is today a household name in the world of technology.

Image Credit: hdnux.com

9. Android:

Android is among the most well known names in touch-based phones today. Androids literally mean robot and one of the founders of the company had a particular fascination with them. The logo of the company, too, shows what can be termed a robot. The operating system has many dynamic features which have made it the leader in its field.

Image Credit: groovypost.com

8. eBay:

eBay is one of the most well known names in online business. The company that runs the site was known as Echo Bay Technology Group but when they tried to register the domain name, it was already taken. They decided on a shorter version of the name – eBay – and since then it has become one of the most successful and famous companies in the world.

Image Credit: http://www.bentley.edu

7. IBM:

IBM was founded as Computing Tabulating Recording Company (CTR) before it was changed in 1924. The name, IBM, was adopted from that of CTR subsidiaries in Canada and South Africa. The International Business Machines (IBM) is a world leader in business machines and has created many niches for itself down the years. Today it is one of the most well known multinational companies that offer complete computing solutions.

Image Credit: http://www.thehindu.com

6. Bridgestone:

In the world of motoring, Bridgestone is a name that can’t be overlooked. The company was founded by Shojiro Ishibashi in 1931. It is a multinational company today and it also manufactures auto and truck parts. It has production facilities in around 25 nations in the world and is still growing. The name, Bridgestone, was derived from the literal English translation of the surname of the founder of the company.

Image Credit: http://www.fdcbuilding.com.au

5. Adidas:

Adidas is a well known name in sports clothing and accessories. It is a company based out of Germany and is among the leading manufacturers of sporting apparels and gears in the world. The name Adidas is a portmanteau of Adolf “Adi” Dassler, the founder of the company. The company is the second biggest sportswear manufacturer in the world.

Image Credit: flickr.com

4. BlackBerry:

The word Blackberry was, until very recently, the name of a fruit. Research In Motion (RIM), the company that manufactures the device, wanted the name to resemble something from nature and not something that a consumer would not be familiar with. The name came about accidentally when somebody in one of the lead teams pulled out the buttons on the primary device that RIM had developed and said that they looked like seeds. The members of the teams assigned to find names pressed on and finally ended up with the name BlackBerry with ‘b’ of berry capitalized.

Image Credit: http://www.blackberrycentre.co.uk

3. Yahoo:

Yahoo is an acronym for Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle, which was changed from Jerry’s Guide to the World Wide Web. The website was started in January 1994 and the name was changed to Yahoo in April. The name, Yahoo, was sought after because the founders wanted to make it easy for people to remember their website. Today it is one of the most famous companies on the web with a global presence.

Image Credit: http://www.digitalproductionme.com

2. Apple:

The nomenclature of Apple Inc. is still a mystery as there is more than one explanation behind how the company got its name. The closest theory says that when the two founders, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, were driving down a highway, Jobs blurted out the name. He had a soft spot for the fruit and it is most likely the reason why it was named so.

Image Credit: http://www.architizer.com

1. Twitter:

In the words of the founders of Twitter, they wanted a name that represented what they did as a company. The initial name that they had on their minds was Jitter or Twitch. Twitter appeared to be a difficult name but it was quickly accepted as tangible, short, simple and social. Today, it is one of the most well known names in the online world.

Top 10 inventions in energy and mechanics

energy and mechanics

10. Natural gas (China, 4th Century BC):

When the people of the southern provinces of China located natural gas ormethane on the surface of the soil, its spontaneous combustion must have made them decide to exploit it. A text dating from 347 BC describes the making of water proof bamboo pipes with bitumen. These pipes were used to transport methane to the towns, where it was used for various things along with town lighting. Methane was stored in bamboo tubes and these were used as torches and fuel reserves  by travelers. It was during the first century, that the Chinese drilled the earth to collect methane in a systematic way. Methane gas, found on the surface, burned without danger. But it has been seen that the consumption of methane can cause some accidents. To avoid the explosion of methane, the gas collected at great depths though richer, had to be mixed with air before use.

9. Ball-Bearings (Mesopotamia, Egypt, 3000 BC):

The rows of logs used in Mesopotamia and in Egypt to transport heavy objects, such as blocks of stone or boats, can be said to be the principle behind the invention of the ball bearings. It consists of balls to reduce the friction between two moving objects at the point of contact. Thus, it was a mechanical principle, evidence of which was found in Greece in the 5th and 4th century BC. It was found in 1928 that a primitive ball bearing mechanism, consisting of a cylindrical case with bronze balls, was invented by Roman  engineers. This cylindrical case might have reduced the friction between the metallic objects and the wooden objects. With the advancement of different means of transport, and also due to the advancement of metallurgy in 19th century the interest in ball bearing increased. Ball bearings were installed in 1879, and the first vehicle to benefit from it was the bicycle. In 1862, the Frenchmen Pierre Michaus patented ball bearings.

8. Aerodynamics (Tsiolkovski, 1892 –  96, Chrysler, 1934):

Since the birth of ballistics, problems caused by air resistance of moving objects have been experienced. But it was not until the vehicles moving on the ground, sea and air attained speed, that these problems were heeded. Between 1892 and 1896, Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovski built fan engines, thus, defining mathematically the forces of friction exerted on the surface of the vehicle. But when Aeroplanes, cars and boats were designed, aerodynamics was not taken into account. In 1899 the Belgian Camille Jenatzy designed the vehicle which beat the 100 km/h record. Its chassis was in the form of a shell. Subsequently, Andre Citroen’s 7A, the front wheel drive and the Chrysler Airflow were the first motor vehicles that attempted to reduce the air resistance for the forward motion. Soon the automobile and the aviation industries started giving huge importance to the aerodynamics.

7. Turbines (Hero of Alexandria, 1st century BC, Leonardo da Vinci, 1480):

Turbines were the machines which worked on the hydraulics, gas and steam energy. The success of gas turbines in the 20th century led to thew turbo compressor. In 1480 AD, Leonardo da Vinci attempted to make the hot air turbine which was gas powered, and was called smoke jack. In 1872, the German F. Stolz proposed a turbine consisting of a combustion chamber from which hot air was directed towards a heat exchanger where it was re heated by air coming from another combustion chamber. This was then directed towards the compressor activating a paddle wheel, which in turn would send it out into the open air. Stolz devised the principle of the double cycle open gas turbine, but could not put it into practice as the technology was not advanced at that time. In 1884, Parsons made a turbine in which steam was fed centrally and ejected in all directions. The output of the De Laval turbine was improved independently by the Frenchman C.E.A. Rateau and the American Charles G. Curtis, in 1894.

6. Hydraulic pumps (Archimedes, 3rd century BC, Hero of Alexandria, 1stcentury BC):

Certain mechanisms, which convey water from one level to another and finally draw it up or invert its flow, were developed and improved. One such mechanism –  the screw, was made by Archimeded. It consisted of seven partitions fixed in a spiral form on a log so as to create the same number of compartments. From a streamlining effect it was covered with a cylinder, and coal tar was used to make it water tight, leaving the only two ends open. The foundation for modern pumps was laid with the pneumatic organ made by Ctesibius, and engineer from the school of Alexandria. The device consisted of two cylinders with a hole made on their lower surfaces. The pistons were activated by rods fixed to a balancing rod. The two cylinders were connected to each other by a horizontal pipe, to which the drainage pipe was connected. Hero of Alexandria worked and improved upon this above mentioned principle. He attached a head to the drainage pipe which could rotate completely in a circle, that is, full 360 degree. Thus allowing water to be made available in all directions. He also reinforced the water tightness of the cylinder by making disc valves for the input of water.

5. Fuel cell ( Bacon, 1959):

In a fuel cell, reactions which produce electric current are brought about by the substances present outside the casing. Its main advantage is that it provides continuous current. In 1959, the Englishman, Francis Bacon built the first specific fuel cell. It consisted of an alkaline electrolyte potassium hydroxide dissolved in water. The electrodes are made up of a porous metal, into which the electrolyte can only penetrate in a controlled manner. Behind one electrode plate there is oxygen, and behind the other electrode plate is hydrogen. When hydrogen comes in contact with ions of the electrolyte, in the pores of the corresponding electrode, some electrons are freed. These electrons are captured by the atoms of oxygen on the other side. Hence the current flows as long as there is hydrogen and oxygen in the reservoir.

4. Electric Generator (Guericke, 1663; Gramme, 1870; Lamme, 1896):

In 1663, Otto Von Guericke had an idea of making a very simple machine producing static electricity. His machine consisted of a sulphur ball on an axle, turned by a crank. When both hands were placed around the ball, the hands were excited electrically. In 1787, the Englishman Edward Nairne made a device which produced negative or positive electricity, but it was of no practical use. In 1831, the Englishman Michael Faraday had discovered electromagnetic induction and his machine began to have a greater output after the Italian Antonio Pacinotti (1860) and the Belgian Zenobe Theophile Gramme (1870) brought about certain improvements. Subsequently, the generators started benefiting from the invention of the internal current equalizers, by the American Benjamin Graver Lamme, in 1896. Thus, generators became large and powerful. As a result, current was produced from steam and hydraulic energy and transmitted over greater distances. Thus, energy became available everywhere.

3. Electric Battery (Galvani, 1780; Fabbroni, 1769; Volta, 1800):

Copper and iron existed during the Parthian period. They might have notice the contractions an animal underwent on being hanged from an iron bar. On plugging copper and iron into a container of acetic acid, electricity was generated. Thus, we may conclude that Volta was inspired to make an electric battery, keeping all these discoveries in mind. In 1780, the Italian Galvani, attached a copper hook to the spinal c0rd of a dissected frog, and then hooked the frog to an iron net. When he touched the animal’s leg nerve with a scalpel, it underwent spasms. Volta, on other hand, understood the implications of Galvani’s experiment. Fabbroni, in 1796, discovered that if two strips of different metals were place in water in such a way that they touched each other, then one of the strip was oxidized. The battery by Volta consisted of several pairs of zinc-copper discs, in direct contact, but separated from one another by moist cardboard.

2. Carnot Cycle (Carnot, 1824):

Sadi Carnot’s invention was a major event because it founded a new science called Thermodynamics. In 1824, Carnot published a report, in which he outlined a theory of the steam engine. According to Carnot, the cylinder which is in contact with a source of heat must be divided into four stages. In the first stage, piston A, due to the expansion of the gas, is at the end of the stroke. It is anisothermic expansion wherein the internal loss of heat is made up by the external source of heat in the decompression. In the second stage, that is from B to C, there is cooling of the gas due to decompression, thus expansion is adiabatic. From C to D, which is the third stage, compression is isothermic and finally from D to A, it is an adiabatic phase. The two expansion stages produce energy and the compression stages use up the energy.

1. Atomic Energy (Einstein, 1907; Hahn, Meitner, Srassman, Bohr, 1939; Fermi, 1942):

The concept of the fission of the atom was first noticed in the work of Albert Einstein, in 1907, where he compared energy and matter (E=mc²). In 1938, the Germans Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassman discovered that when uranium was bombarded with slow or fast neutrons, it would break down into two other elements, barium and krypton, with the release of an enormous amount of energy. The peaceful use of atomic energy was realized only when the first atomic bomb was manufactured. This allowed three essential factors to be classified. The first was the nature of the element that could be used to start the energy releasing chain reactions. Bohr found it to be uranium-235 present in small quantities with uranium-238. Plutonium-239, which was discovered later, could also be used for the purpose. The Italian Enrico Fermi built the first nuclear reactor at the University of Chicago in the United States. It functioned with graphite, uranium metal and uranium oxide, with control rods made up of cadmium. The graphite served as a moderator, i.e., helping in slowing down the reaction.

Top 10 deadliest poisons

poisons

10. Brazilian Wandering Spider Venom:

One of the most deadliest poison in the world, produced by the Brazilian Wandering Spider (Banana Spiders). It was introduced in Guiness Book of Records in 2007 for killing most number of people. It contains potentially fatal Neurotoxin, which causes loss of muscle control as well as respiratory problems, resulting in paralysis and eventually in death. It also causes Priapism, an erection that won’t go away and might actually cause impotence.

9. Sarin:

Also known as GB,  Sarin is a colorless gas which is 25 times more fatal than cyanide. Scared?  Developed by German scientists in 1938 as a pesticide, it has been used as chemical weapon in wars for mass destruction including the famous Iran-Iraq war of 1988 and terrorists attack in Japan in 1995. Exposure of Sarin invades the breathing function by “switching off” glands and muscles. This fatal chemical was named in honor of its inventors – Schrader, Ambros, Rudiger and Van der LINde.

8. Fiddleback Spider Venom:

The deadly poison of this spider also deserves respect in this list. Also known as violin spider or brown recluse spider, its bite can destroy your red blood cells. On record, it has severely affected either small children or people with weak immune system. Other causes include skin cancer, Lyme disease and skin lesions (if bitten in fatty tissue), releasing small microemboli and nonphysiologic products into the bloodstream.

7. Amatoxin:

Found in poisonous mushrooms, this chemical compound is heat-stable, insoluble in water and can’t destroyed by drying. Liver is the first organ which is affected after consuming this toxic compound. Gradually, it encroaches kidney and the central nervous system and causes respiratory distress as well as bloodydiarrhea and even coma. The way only to avoid this poisoning is to avoid eating wild mushrooms.

6. Strychnine:

Discovered by the French chemists Joseph-Bienaime Caventou and Pierre-Joseph Pelletier in 1818, this poison is obtained from the seeds of nux vomica tree and related plants of the genus Strychnos. It causes increased reflex excitability in the spinal cord that results in a loss of the normal inhibition of spread of motor cell stimulation, so that all muscles contract simultaneously. It is one of the most bitter substance known.

5. Beaked sea snake venom:

Drop for drop and one of the most deadliest, this widespread species is responsible for nine out of every ten deaths from sea-snake bites. It is one of the larger kinds of sea snake; males are about 1.2 meters long and females about 1.5 or more. Early symptoms include headache, a thick-feeling tongue, thirst, sweating, and vomiting. Symptoms that can occur after 30 minutes to several hours post-bite include generalized aching, stiffness, and tenderness of muscles all over the body.

4. Potassium Cyanide:

What makes potassium cyanide so notorious is the speed that it acts. Just get a full tea spoon and dissolve it into the water. 10-20 seconds is enough to take your breath away after consuming this solution. Cyanide blocks one of the enzymes involved in the electron transfer chain, this ceases cellular respiration thus you essentially die from suffocation, very painful. You would pass out fairly rapidly then die as your heart muscle has no energy to beat.

3. Dart Frog Poison:

Perhaps, they are the most beautiful of all the rain forest creatures but their beauty contains extraordinary toxicity. There are at least 100 different toxins identified that deadliest dart frogs hide in their skin containing neurotoxin, batrachotoxin, and its derivatives. It produces a toxin, batrachotoxin which enters the bloodstream and then attacks the nerves, specially  around the heart, breathing becomes impossible and stressed asphyxiation then leads to cardiac arrest during coma, then death.

2. Ricin:

Deadliest No. 2. Ricin is a potent toxin that is used as weapon of mass destruction (WMD). Ricin is found naturally in castor beans, if castor beans are chewed and swallowed, the released ricin can be fatal. Ricin works by getting inside the cells of a person’s body and preventing the cells from making the proteins they need. Without the proteins, cells die. Eventually this is harmful to the whole body, and death may occur.

1. Botulinum:

Well, here comes the deadliest No. 1 poison of this toxic list. Commonly used in various cosmetic products, it is so powerful that it has been estimated that 1 teaspoon of the poison has the potential to kill 1.2 billion people. The classic symptoms of botulism include double vision, blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and muscle weakness. When the diaphragm and chest muscles are exposed with this compound, respiration is inhibited and unless the patient receives treatment in time, death from asphyxia results.

Top 10 Intelligence Agencies of World

Intelligence Agencies of World

Intelligence agencies are considered as the most essential security pillar of any country. They protect their nation from cross-border terrorism; they monitor the proceedings of foreign governments; they advice policymakers to apt the best available path; they whack away ill-natured folks back to their domain; they do everything to protect their civilians but whatever they do, they do behind the curtains. Here we go with our secret list which brings up the ten most far-famed intelligence agencies of the world. And yeah, after reading this list, if you discover a cigar exploding somewhere in or out then make sure a “real life” James Bond was there to bolt down a potential threat in your vicinity.

10. Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), India:

The most lethal weapon of India’s security, RAW was formed on September 21, 1968, under the premiership of Indira Gandhi with R.N. Kao as its first director. The elementary tasks of this intelligence agency are fighting against terrorism, monitoring the movements of foreign governments and advising the Indian policymakers to root-out potential threats. Agents of RAW are known for their “ethically flexible” trait along with keeping a constant barrier between themselves and the rest of the world.

9. Directorate-General for External Security (DGSE), France:

A bit controversial yet extremely soundable in counterintelligence and paramilitary operations abroad, DGSE is the guardian of France’s dignity. Widely appreciated for the successful accomplishment of some much-talked objectives, this intelligence agency has a unique modus operandi. The analysts and operatives of DGSE are expert in playing risky games with deadly actions. DGSE has also gained notability in information warfare.

8. Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), Germany:

Successor to the Gehlen Organization, BND trespasses other intelligence agencies in the areas of electronic surveillance and wiretapping. Since April 1, 1956 – the day of its establishment, BND has regularly conducted espionage operations, successfully breaching the security and authenticity of number of foreign governments. On several occasions, BND has alerted the German government on the issues of terrorism, drug trafficking, organized crime, WMD (Weapons of Mass Destruction) proliferation and others.

7. Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), Australia:

Working under the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Government of Australia, ASIS has some unique parameters to gather information from various countries overseas. Established on May 13, 1952, under the supervision of contemporary Prime Minister Robert Menzies, this intelligence agency is highly instrumental in tackling international terrorism, drug trafficking and counter-revolutionary activities. ASIS is also known for its technological advancement among other secret agencies across the world.

6. Ministry of State Security (MSS), China:

Counted among one of the most fierce intelligence agencies of the world, MSS is an epitome of espionage along with being a potent firewall of People’s Republic of China. Holding a monolithic pool of sophisticated and highly-trained agents, MSS is involved in counter-terrorism, counter-intelligence, surveillance and border security. It collects and analyses information on a variety of areas and prevents threat to Chinese interests from foreign countries.

5. Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), Pakistan:

Responsible for national and international counter-terrorism efforts, ISI is best known for not missing even the pocket-sized clue about potential threats on Pakistan. ISI was formed in 1948 and since then it has played a significant role in endorsing the Pakistani policies on global level. Agents of ISI have been stationed in different areas where they work aggressively to ensure the safety of Pakistani people as well as protecting the economic and political interests of the nation.

4. Military Intelligence, Section 6 (MI6), United Kingdom:

An inspiration for James Bond movies, MI6 is reckoned as the secret frontline of United Kingdom’s security. Formed in 1909, as the Secret Service Bureau, this intelligence agency is known for its cool yet deadly agents who are notable for executing sensational operations over the years. It is said that the agents of MI6 operate in different parts of the world masquerading themselves as journalist, teacher, entrepreneur and often an apparent nobody of society. Comprising a long track record of success, MI6 is one of the most highly funded secret agencies out of the top 10 of this list.

3. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), United States of America:

If United States is a superpower then one must know that the main driving force behind its supremacy is the CIA. The fortified defensive structure of this intelligence agency is endorsed by ultra-sophisticated secret agents, state-of-the-art technology and out-of-the-way modus operandi. Founded on September 18, 1947, under the presidentship of Harry S. Truman, CIA is now a household name across the world. Ever since its inception, this secret agency has played an effective role in preventing the potential threats upon the integrity of America, lives of citizens, and the national and international interests of the United States.

2. Glavnoye Razvedyvatel’noye Upravleniye (GRU), Russia:

Best known for implementing some of the deadliest intelligence mechanisms and executing them aggressively, GRU holds a prestigious position in the list of best espionage agencies across the world. Agents of this intelligence agency are known for killing thwarters in a silent yet fierce way along with confronting any situation immediately that possesses threat to the nation and civilians anyhow. Apart from being a professional equipment in fighting against international terrorism, GRU has an appreciable track record in forecasting and neutralizing the monstrous intentions of foreign countries.

1. Mossad:

Also known as the “world’s most efficient killing machine”, Mossad is way ahead of rest of the intelligence agencies mentioned in this list. Established on December 13, 1949, as the Central Institute for Coordination, Mossad is known for its remorseless covert operations around the world. Since evolution, this agency has scored stack of perfect-than-best coups, demonstrating their potency to the entire world. The daredevil agents of Mossad are fully licensed to kill anyone, anywhere – when it comes about the security of Israel.